For all those concerned about
the consequences of climate change, it’s no longer a secret that the goals of
the 2015 Paris Agreement will not be met. In fact, this is what the latest UN report on the subject reveals, exposing
a faster than expected pace of global warming, now in an evident process of
acceleration. The situation is quite alarming and it has become obvious that it
will get worse.
The aforementioned Paris Agreement had set as a limit not to exceed an
increase in average global temperature of about 1.5ºC compared to the
pre-industrial period. However, from the data now available, it’s already foreseeable
that this limit will be reached, and perhaps even exceeded, by the end of this
decade or shortly thereafter, that is, much earlier than in all previous
forecasts.
Despite world leaders have pledged to avoid at all costs exceeding that
limit, it is now clear that those were empty promises and there was not enough
commitment. Most of the
proclamations made were dictated by political convenience, fueled by campaign
rhetoric and disproportionate to the decisions taken, which fell far short of
what was necessary. Few truly understood the importance and urgency of
the problem.
While experts struggle with uncertain future scenarios, governments are
hesitant about the measures to be taken, fearful of affecting their economies
and weakening their own political support. Climatically, we are in a serious
and terrible emergency, capable of plunging us very soon into unprecedented
disasters. Politically, we are mired in multiple games of interests and feeble leaderships.
One must fear the worst.
The current plans to make small gradual and cautious changes, even if they go
beyond good intentions and become reality, will surely lead us to catastrophe.
The reason for this is of a physical and mathematical nature: one cannot stop a phenomenon
that is increasingly accelerating with only moderate and gradual measures.
In the short term, drastic and rapid cuts in global pollution, and especially in
greenhouse gas emissions, are needed, but even that will not be enough to stop
the course of climate change. It is not too much to insist that we quickly need
new technologies capable of capturing and storing carbon, technologies that
must be financed and developed as urgently as possible. They will most likely
have to be joined soon by geoengineering solutions.
The swift warming of the planet is already accelerating the rise of sea
levels, causing an intense thaw in vast expanses and aggravating extreme
phenomena with great destructive power, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, storms
and hurricanes. The economic consequences of these phenomena are sometimes, in
some places, such as to shake economies and impoverish entire societies, leaving
behind a trail of death and devastation; and in the most benign cases, they can
lead to a severe reduction in average income per capita. Until recently,
the most developed regions of the world believed themselves safe from their
worst repercussions, except maybe for very abnormal occurrences. Recent events
have shown that this is not the case and that continued and large-scale
destruction can also, repeatedly, reach prosperous countries. None will be safe
from widespread climate disorder.
If nothing substantial is done, global warming will continue to accelerate
and it’s likely to reach an increase of 2°C in relation to pre-industrial times
as early as 2040. It may seem little, but half a degree of warming matters – and a lot. By
some estimates, the global population exposed to extreme heat waves would more
than double; melting in the Arctic, and probably in other regions, could become
about ten times more intense and sea levels would probably rise another 6 to 10
centimeters; it would double the extinction of vertebrates and plants and
triple the extinction of insects; the percentage of the planet’s area whose
ecosystems would become another biome (involving changes in its macroclimate,
vegetation cover and soil characteristics) could almost double as well; the
amount of permafrost (i.e. permanent ice and frozen soil) that would melt could
increase by more than a third; the decline of coral reefs and marine life
associated with them would worsen in almost the same
proportion; agricultural production of certain crops, as well as fisheries,
could fall to about half in many places, especially in low latitudes. In fact, half
a degree more of global warming makes a lot of difference, especially if we consider
that this warming will not be homogeneous, neither in time nor geographically,
and will focus dramatically on certain periods and regions.
What consequences may this have for populations? Mortality and health problems due to extreme weather events will increase; the probabilities of drought or water scarcity will become higher; heavy rains and floods will be more frequent; the smaller amount of ice on the planet will reduce the reflection of sun rays and imply greater heat absorption, generating impacts on ocean circulation and regional climates; rising sea levels will increase coastal erosion, the loss of beaches and littoral territory, and will bring increased risk of flood-tides and greater potential for damage; the disappearance or rarefaction of terrestrial and marine species will harm food chains, economic activities and livelihoods; the alteration of soils and vegetation cover will have a broad impact on local economies and their interactions; the transformation of macroclimates will imply the inadequacy of many traditional forms of housing, as well as the need to adapt buildings and infrastructures, with very heavy costs; and the risks of food shortages will be greater, as will the risks of epidemics, forest fires and pest spread. All this together involves enormous transformations that would take many decades for a gradual and minimally organized adaptation. But if such transformations concentrate on a relatively short space of time, just a decade or two, they have considerable potential for chaos and human suffering, not to mention a possible civilizational retreat in many regions less equipped for such drastic changes. The risk of wars and violent conflicts can’t be ruled out.
Commentators and analysts of
these subjects often take just a partial view and repeatedly attribute global
warming to emissions of certain greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and
methane. But there are other culprits. Current refrigeration gases (widely used in air conditioners,
freezers and refrigerators) have a global warming potential 23,000 times
greater than carbon dioxide and remain in the atmosphere for 50,000 years.
Nowadays, almost all these gases are released when those devices reach their
end of life, which highlights the importance of recycling, still very little
used due to the lack of incentives. In fact, many people and companies remove
the copper from appliances in terminal phase and release the gas into the
atmosphere. Although such emissions are generally prohibited, the lack of
supervision and fines leads to non-compliance with existing regulations. The
consequences are tragic and counterproductive to ongoing efforts. In fact, if
we manage to prevent the emission of 23,000 tons of carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere, but we release just one ton of these cooling gases (called
"fluorinated gases"), we´ll stay more or less at the same. There will
be no progress in reducing emissions, in terms of their thermal consequences.
However, it is estimated that, due to the general increase of temperatures, the
global energy demand for refrigeration appliances will triple until 2050, what
means that production and replacement of cooling devices will be greatly increased
henceforth, making even more dramatic the problem of recovering and recycling
fluorinated gases at the end of the life cycle of such devices.
Something similar is happening with another gas that intensifies the
greenhouse effect, nitrous oxide, which has the particularity of being
the one that most contributes to degrading the ozone layer. It has several
applications in industry and is also one of the products resulting from burning
fossil fuels or biomass, but intensive agriculture is by far the largest
responsible for annual emissions as a result of the production and application of
synthetic fertilizers on a large scale. Livestock and aquaculture contribute to
the problem due to the growing demand for animal feed, and sewage and its
treatment are also a source of emissions, as well as poor management of animal manure,
garbage and waste in general. Although it exists in lesser amounts in the
atmosphere than carbon dioxide, this gas has a heat retention capacity 300 times
higher (i.e., a nitrous oxide molecule is equivalent to 300 molecules of CO2 in
its thermal effects) and remains for more than a century in the atmosphere before
being naturally degraded by solar radiation. But as human activities are
emitting it much faster than it’s destroyed, it has been accumulating
dangerously for decades. Despite global efforts to reduce industrial emissions of
this gas, several emerging economies are rapidly increasing their emissions by
other means — notably Brazil, China and India, where agricultural production
and livestock farming have increased very quickly since the end of the last
century.
The enormous danger that lurks
in these facts is the increasing likelihood that measures taken to reduce
global carbon dioxide emissions, which is the threat most constantly being
talked about, will be largely counterbalanced (or even neutralized in their
practical effects) by the growing emissions of other greenhouse gases with a
much higher effect, like methane, fluorinated gases and nitrous oxide. If we want to establish effective strategies
to mitigate pollution, limit global warming and meet climate targets, we will
need to develop efficient technologies that allow us to recover and recycle
these other gases or help industry to degrade them into harmless substances.
But the prognosis is tricky: if not even global carbon dioxide emissions have stopped growing, is it to be expected that industry and agricultural activities will be more successful in limiting other greenhouse gases with more powerful effect but less public attention? Without huge financial incentives and strict regulation, we can only expect another failure. And given that all countries are sensitive to cost increases or loss of economic competitiveness, only comprehensive international initiatives can lead to the necessary transformations, provided that the extent and severity of this emergency is previously understood. Without this, the combined and cumulative effects of the various factors of climatic disturbance will soon expose us to unprecedented catastrophes – and much sooner than expected.
It is not too much to
emphasize that many of the projections and scenarios that have been built on
the evolution of climate change and its consequences suffer from various
methodological limitations or understandable academic prudence. In some cases, only linear projections
are made, that is, predictions based on the calculation of what will happen
within a certain time if the current trend and pace of progression of the studied
phenomena are maintained, a method that leaves out their increasing
acceleration. In other cases, due to greater ease of analysis or scientific
specialization, forecasts take only into account the isolated evolution of one
or two variables of the process, leaving out the expected result of the combination
of all known variables, that is, they stress the analytical rigor and neglect
the systemic view. In some other cases, they neglect the influence of several poorly
studied causes that may have a catalyzing effect on the natural processes that
condition climate change. In short: in scientific works and in reports of many
international institutions, it’s frequently underestimated or disregarded the increasing
acceleration of climate change, the exponential nature of its effects, the catalytic
action of certain combined occurrences and the aggravating circumstances that
contribute (or may contribute) to trigger vicious cycles or "snowball
effects". To some extent, this is normal: when singly studying the many
ingredients of a mixture, it’s easy to lose sight of whether it is explosive.
In this matter, however, we can no longer afford that luxury.
On climate
issues, reality has surpassed the most pessimistic scenarios and shattered all
optimism. The
1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement are now mere relics. From both
we take advantage of the wealth of data collected so far and the international
convergence of concerns, but not of the accuracy of forecasts or the
effectiveness of commitments made then. Apart from the practical advances being
scarce, no one predicted such an accelerated pace of climate change or the real
evolution of the underlying causes. The apparent scientific consensus erred by
default, academic and political prudence sinned by excess. That cannot happen
again at the Glasgow Conference or others that will follow, or we’ll pay a very
high price. If we do not want to pay it, we cannot postpone to 2050 the carbon neutrality target.
For many countries or regions and for many hundreds of millions of people, it
will be too late. But meanwhile no one will be immune to the
consequences. Some of them are unpredictable, others will happen well ahead of
schedule.
It should not be forgotten that, according to recent history to which we
have become accustomed, today's pessimistic forecasts will be tomorrow’s outdated
forecasts. We’ll certainly have a global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial
levels by 2030 and we could reach 2°C by 2040, decades earlier than initially
predicted. Summers are successively beating absolute temperature records since registers
have been made and heat mantles happen now in
completely unexpected regions. Aggravating the whole situation, forest fires of
gigantic proportions in various parts of the world, even in northern latitudes,
are further warming the atmosphere and releasing in it incalculable amounts of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. The frequency and intensity of these
large fires tend to increase with each passing year. Ocean warming progresses
at a steady pace and tends to accelerate too. The amount of icy surface across
the planet has been decreasing in all seasons, which also reduces the
reflection of sun rays and increases heat absorption. By putting these and
other factors together, we have the perfect combination for sea levels to climb
up.
Between 1900 and 2000, the average sea level rose 14 centimeters. In the
first twenty years of the 21st century alone, it rose more than 7 centimeters. That
is to say, the rate of ascent almost tripled. Was this foreseen? So much, no.
It was anticipated that there would be some acceleration, but the actual rise
in sea level is now almost double of what was calculated. At this rate, and
without any acceleration of the phenomenon, we could certainly count on an
additional rise of 10 cm until the mid of this century, which already
foreshadows devastating consequences for many coastal areas. High tides will be
more invasive, there will be greater ripple amplitudes (especially during storms)
and coastal flooding will be more frequent and more destructive. But the biggest
problem is that the phenomenon is accelerating fast and this acceleration is intensifying
more and more, so much that it won’t be unreasonable to admit that such an increase
may be reached within the next decade and that we’ll arrive to the mid of the
century with an increase of almost half a meter compared to the average level at
the beginning of the century. So being, once again well ahead of schedule. In
the meantime, we're going to see a lot of coastal destruction, but that’s not
all. More heat in the
atmosphere and in oceans means much more evaporation and therefore much more
severe precipitation phenomena than usual, such as large-scale
torrential rains, huge and extensive snowfalls or big hailstorms, sometimes
concentrating in a few hours or days what was previously spread over longer
periods and, in some regions, even causing unprecedented extreme phenomena. In
other words: the resulting destruction will not only hit the flank of
archipelagos and continents, but will also come from above in colossal proportions,
even in areas far away from coast and waterways.
Sea level rise has never been so fast since there are records. Just the
partial melting of Greenland's ice mantle, caused by the increase in local average
temperatures in recent decades, accounted for about 25% of the rise in sea
level globally. This background scenario was
occasionally aggravated by the appearance of large masses of hot and humid air
transported to the area, which have temporarily covered this huge island. There
were times when the melting occurred at an average close to one million tons
per minute, a value too high even for our imagination. And earlier this year,
scientists warned that a significant portion of Greenland's ice was approaching
a tipping point at which thaw would become
inevitable. The observation of weather conditions in the region leaves no room
for doubt that this is a real risk. In July 2021, in just one day, enough ice
melted in Greenland to cover an area equivalent to the state of Florida with
two inches of water. The following month, with temperatures above freezing and,
in some places, 18ºC higher than average, it rained for several hours on the
summit of Greenland's polar ice cap, something that had never happened before
and led to melting snow and ice along an extensive area about four times the
size of the UK. These phenomena are not fortuitous and are undoubtedly linked to
the various causes of global warming, in particular greenhouse gas emissions. If
ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica continue to melt at the increasing pace of
recent years, sea levels
are estimated to reach in the coming decades a level that was previously only
expected by the end of the century. No country will be prepared to face the
possible consequences, and unfortunately it can be said that almost none are
preparing for them. Widespread improvidence, as with the most recent pandemic,
can only magnify the calamities that will occur.
It’s also important to point out that, as with
rising temperatures, this progressive rise in average sea and ocean levels is
not evenly distributed. Believing so is another common mistake. The large water
masses on the planet are not static and, by the action of tides, winds and
currents, they fustigate certain coasts more than others, which means that some
coastal areas will suffer the impact corresponding to a higher-than-average
rise. Also zones with lower slope and fewer natural or artificial barriers will
tend to be more deeply affected and will face a greater destructive potential.
But the biggest risk factor
remains the relative unpredictability of the worst-case scenarios in the short
and medium term. Sudden and unexpected causes may precipitate events far beyond
the pessimism considered acceptable, generating disastrous effects, not for
generations to come, but for today's humanity.
This means that even today’s elderly are not free from witnessing disasters
they never imagined or from suffering their eventual consequences, be they direct
or indirect. Immediate future is no less filled with uncertainty than distant
future. What is currently happening is not just a set of temporary incidents in
an errant weather pattern. It’s a vast panoply of climatic symptoms that
denounce the imminence of something on a large scale, something that may erupt
in greater proportions almost from one moment to another (such as an extensive
and rapid thaw, for example, on a scale incomparably higher than those recorded
so far).
An analogy could be established with what often happens in volcanic eruptions:
it can take decades or centuries to accumulate pressure inside a volcano before
it explodes, there may even be prolonged omens of what will happen, but the blast
is usually abrupt and the consequences are largely irreversible. Contemporary
science still knows too little about volcanism to even risk detailed
predictions and this is a topic that rarely comes up linked to the issue of
climate change. But there may be a relationship. The considerable increase of water
level in oceans by the effect of successive melts not only represents a
gigantic displacement and redistribution of mass on Earth's surface but also substantially
alters the total weight supported by tectonic plates in their different zones.
It’s simply unknown what effect this may have on volcanic activity and seismic
phenomena in a short or medium term perspective. Ignorance itself makes us not
talk much about it, to avoid pure speculation. But a little reasoning is enough
to understand that an increase in volcanism and seismic activity is to be
expected as a consequence of the vast and profound changes in the planet's
surface. Regions that seemed geologically stabilized may soon cease to be
so, with enormous repercussions on the nearest urbanised areas. Like the famous
Hydra of Greek mythology, global warming increasingly appears to be a
seven-headed monster, all equally threatening.
Is there still time to reverse something?
Let's be realistic. In the coming decades, the world will not curb its
energy voracity, nor the desire for mobility, nor the consumption of meat, nor
the eagerness for consumerism, nor the ambition for bigger and better houses.
All economic activities generating large polluting emissions will be under the
pressure of increasing demand for goods and services. There is no way to curb
it globally, and much less in the majority of countries that have historically
lived with lower standards of food, comfort, mobility and consumption, and now want
to approach the standard of living of
wealthy countries. Therefore, we must reconvert processes and products so that
they generate less waste and less pollution. And that was necessary for
yesterday. We're already late today. But perhaps it still remains for us a
chance to carry out as soon as possible the inventory of indispensable advances
to combat and reverse climate change and push governments and international
organisations to get to work, supporting and funding whatever is needed and drastically
changing their investment priorities – which to a large extent can only be
achieved with extensive international cooperation, another usual big problem. Only this time it's not about strategy games on the board
of geopolitics. For
some countries, it’s all about survival; for many others, it’s about not losing
territory and infrastructure; and for still others, it’s a matter of avoiding
widespread chaos; but for vast portions of mankind, the greatest common threat
may be the dramatic fall of our levels of civilization. We have
conquered them, in many cases, against nature. Now we have to harmonize with her,
whether we like it or not. And as soon as possible.
There can be no mere precautions of an economic or political nature to
justify slackness and hesitations in what is indispensable to do. And it will
be good to keep in mind that whatever the costs of a rapid and programmed reconversion
of national economies and technological processes, the costs resulting from the
destruction or economic paralysis caused by major natural disasters totally beyond
our control and of unprecedented dimensions, whose contours and impact we can
only suspect, will be for sure immeasurably higher. If little or nothing is
done, human and material losses will surpass today's worst predictions and we
will suffer, far earlier than anticipated, the heavy consequences of our
collective negligence.
We
don’t know which world we are going to leave to our descendants as a result of
our generational selfishness, but the main issue is no longer that. Because
from now on we don’t even know, in the near future, which world we are going to
leave to ourselves. And if there has been a time of weighting and prudence, the
data we have today require foresight and immediate action. We are in a race
against time, which means there's not much time to lose. Never so much as today
has been needed a concerted action by politicians, diplomats, scientists,
entrepreneurs, teachers and media. And wherever exist leaders who are up to
make the necessary changes, it's time for them to get out of the closet. We
have reached a point where we cannot continue to ignore or devalue climate
threats and all that they may entail, or an era of economic, social, political
and civilizational setback awaits us. Enough of political rhetoric. We must act.